Unanswered Problems With Term Papers Writing Service Exposed

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Essay on Compare and Contrast Two Leadership Styles

Leadership can be defined as the ability to lead a group of people successfully in an organization. Hall, et al (2008) have mentioned that an effective leader has to be visionary, motivating and responsible in order to successfully run a business organization. In business the two key leadership styles, which are widely used in today’s corporate world are autocratic leadership and democratic leadership (Johnson, n.d.). Autocratic leadership may be explained as â€Å"a leadership style where the manager sets objectives, allocates tasks and insists on obedience† (Hall, et al 2008 p.g 401). Conversely, democratic leadership encourages â€Å"participation in decision making† (Hall, et al 2008 p.g 402). Whilst many people would consider autocratic†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The leader must be able to explain ideas clearly to employees and understand any feedback they receive (Hall, et al 2008 p.g 402). Though rate of production with a democratic style of le adership might be slower than in an autocratic due to low supervision, it could be disputed that workers can work more freely as there is less stress to perform. A further aspect of leadership, which can also be believed to have a direct link with communication, is decision-making. Both leadership styles are similar in the way that ideas need to be stored before making a business decision. In an autocratic work place â€Å"decisions are made independently with little or no input from the rest of the group† (Riley, 2012 n.p.). However, in a democratic society â€Å"employees have greater involvement in decision making† (Riley, 2012 n.p.). Both these types of leadership have their benefits and disadvantages with respect to decision-making. In his research on different types of leadership, Joseph, (n.d.) stated that autocratic leadership style could be effective in a business environment as decisions can be made quickly without consulting with workers. According to Cherry, (n.d.) this type of leadership would be advantageous in situations such as the military where decisions need to be taken quickly. Though quick decision-making can be beneficial, it could be argued that it can lead to a demotivated workforce. Employees’ motivation decreasesShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Any Two Theories of Leadership Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast any two theories of leadership In the following essay I will look at leadership, its definition and compare and contrast two theories behind it. I will firstly see if there is a distinction between leadership and management as suggested by John Kotter(1990) who goes on further to stress that organisations require both a leader and a manager but the function can be provided by a single individual. I will then look at some definitions of leadership such as that by Bryman(1999)Read MoreCompare and Contrast Different Structure of Organisation and Culture964 Words   |  4 Pagesbusinessballs.com Section 1 Understanding the relationship between organisational structure and culture You will need to: ï‚ · compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture Here you need to briefly describe the different types of organisational structure, and what different types/formats of culture can be found in organisations, and then compare and contrast them – what causes/creates each type, and positive factors / negative factors of each. ï‚ · explain how the relationship betweenRead Morebusiness Assignment1024 Words   |  5 Pages(Part-time) BEHAVIOUR AT WORK Unit 3: Organisations and Behaviour Outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Outcome 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership Outcome 3: Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations SCENARIO According to Bergstram and Hamilton, organisations have differentRead MoreCharacteristics of Managers and Leaders1568 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Characteristics of Managers and Leaders: The concepts of leadership and management are viewed differently by different people though managers and leaders are important in management. 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Schneider left eCollege on unfavorable terms due to his competitive and confrontational leadership style, and he has chosen to not list eCollege in his background on either his Builder Sourcing or M ygoflight biography pages (Denver Business JournalRead MoreInternal Organizational Politics1260 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican to French or German organizations. Explain the concept of equifinality by using two Internet references. 11. Organizations have been defined as â€Å"systems of power.† Explain what this means. 12. Define where leaders get their power and how they keep it or lose it when there are shifts in power. 13. Discuss Weber’s Typology of Authority. Go online to this site in order to compare and contrast Webers three power sources against others ideas: http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/undergraduate/introsoc/weber11Read MoreInternal Organizational Politics1267 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican to French or German organizations. 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This paper will also compare and contrast these three leadership stylesRead MoreLeadership Skills Of Jean Watson And Michelle Obama1458 Words   |  6 Pages The Leadership Skills of Jean Watson and Michelle Obama Oluwatoyin Adekonye Georgia State University â€Æ' The Leadership Skills of Jean Watson and Michelle Obama This paper will talk about the leadership philosophy of two female leaders Jean Watson and Michelle Obama, and how their leadership skills have impacted many lives. The purpose of this paper is to discuss what it means to be a leader, types, and characteristics of a leader, why it is important to have an effective leader, qualitiesRead MoreEssay on Management and Academic Integrity Policy1498 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Learner portal. Main Task: Compare Two Chapters, Adhering to the Northcentral Academic Integrity Policy For this activity, read the two chapters listed in the Activity Resource section (Krames,J. A. (2003) Chapters 2 5). Each chapter relates to a successful, innovative business professional. You will be asked to discuss their journeys as practitioners and their contributions. Prepare a brief, 2-3 page paper in which you compare and contrast the two chapters. Address the following in your

Furniture Manufacturing and Retailing Company-Financial Accounting

Question: Discuss about the case study Financial Accounting for Furniture Manufacturing and Retailing Company. Answer: Introduction In this given assignment, the analysis of the financial standings of a company listed in Australian Stock exchange will be made on the basis of profitability and liquidity analysis. In this process various ratios, which reflect the profitability and liquidity aspects of a company, will be calculated and analyzed (Collier 2016). Based on which future prospects of the company will be determined and recommendation will be given whether to purchase shares of the company or not. Company Background Company that has been selected for the purpose of analysis in this assignment is Fantastic Holdings Ltd. It is an Australian based company whose share is listed on Australian Stock Exchange (ASE) (Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). It is engaged in manufacturing, retail and household furniture. It commenced its operation in the year 1989 and had shown a good growth rate since then and presently it is the third largest retailer of furniture in terms of revenue. Discussion Overview of the recent stock price movements for the company In order to overview and analyze the recent stock price movements for the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd, the close value of the stocks of the particular firm for the period 1st January 2016 to 1st July 2016 has been considered. According to the chart of historical stock prices, it can be said that the stock price was AUD 1.94 in January 2016 that increased to AUD 2.14 in February 2016. However, it decreased to AUD 1.90 in May 2016 but ultimately it has increased to AUD 2.32 in July 2016. This indicates that the stock price movement of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd is volatile due to major shareholder selling, research notes, faulty numbers and future guidance. Financial Analysis In this section, the financial position of the company will be analysed based on the data and information available from the income statement and balance sheet of the company available from the various websites and annual report of the company (Connolly, Hyndman and McConville 2013). Fantastic Holding Limited AUD million INCOME STATEMENT 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Revenue 438 446 445 448 497 Less: Cost of goods sold 213 214 236 224 275 Gross profit 225 232 209 224 222 Less: operating Expenses 199 204 194 223 206 Operating Profit 26 28 15 1 16 Add: Other Income 3 4 3 8 4 Less: Other Expenses 0 0 0 0 0 Earnings before interest and taxes 29 32 18 9 20 Less: Interest 1 1 1 0 0 Earnings before taxes 28 31 17 9 20 Less: Provision for tax 8 9 4 3 6 Earnings after tax / Net profit 20 22 13 6 14 weighted average number of shares 103 103 103 103 103 BALANCE SHEET 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Asset Current asset 98 101 100 112 134 Receivable 9 10 7 9 5 Other Current Asset 89 91 93 103 129 Non Current Asset 70 78 84 70 53 Total Asset (a) 168 179 184 182 187 Liability and shareholders fund Current liability 50 58 50 51 69 Non Current Liability 17 12 27 24 8 Long term Debt 11 6 22 15 0 Other Non Current Liability 6 6 5 9 8 Total liability (b) 67 70 77 75 77 Equity / Net worth (a-b) 101 109 107 107 110 RATIO ANALYSIS 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Profitability Ratio Net margin (Net profit/Turnover*100) 4.57% 4.93% 2.92% 1.34% 2.82% Return on asset (Net profit/Total asset*100) 11.90% 12.29% 7.07% 3.30% 7.49% Return on Equity (Net profit/Equity*100) 19.80% 20.18% 12.15% 5.61% 12.73% Earnings per share (EPS) (Net profit/Number of shares) 0.19 0.21 0.13 0.06 0.14 Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio (Current Asset/Current Liability) 1.96 1.74 2.00 2.20 1.94 Capital Structure Debt Equity ratio (Long term debt/Equity) 0.11 0.06 0.21 0.14 0.00 Activity Ratio Receivable turnover (Turnover/Account Receivable) 48.67 44.60 63.57 49.78 99.40 Asset Turnover (Turnover/Total Asset) 2.61 2.49 2.42 2.46 2.66 (Source: Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016) Variance Analysis of Ratios 2012 2013 2014 2015 Profitability Ratio Net margin 0.37% 2.01% 1.58% 1.48% Return on asset (ROA) 0.39% 5.23% 3.77% 4.19% Return on Equity (ROE) 0.38% 8.03% 6.54% 7.12% Earnings per share (EPS) 0.02 -0.09 -0.07 0.08 Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio -0.22 0.26 0.20 -0.25 Debt Equity ratio -0.05 0.15 -0.07 -0.14 Activity Ratio Receivable turnover -4.07 18.97 -13.79 49.62 Asset Turnover -0.12 -0.07 0.04 0.20 (Source: Created by author) The above table of variance analysis of ratios indicates that the net margin of the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd increases in the year 2013 by 2.01 % than 0.37 % in the year 2012. However, it has been found that it has constantly decreased for two consecutive years 2014 and 2015 to 1.58 % and 1.48 % respectively (Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). The values of the return on assets of the particular organization indicate that the variance is volatile as it increased from 0.39 % in 2012 to 5.23 % in the year 2013 and it has been found that it has again reduced to 3.77 %. But finally it increases to 4.19 % in the year 2015. This implies the volatility of the return on assets ratio. Similarly, it has been found that the return on equity ratio is also highly volatile as it increased to 8.03 % in the year 2013 from 0.38 % in the year 2012 and then it reduced to 6.54 % in 2014 (Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). Finally, it has been found that the variance of the particular ratio has incr eased to 7.12 % in the year 2015. In addition to this, the earnings per share has also been found to be much volatile as it was 0.02 in the year 2012, then it decreased to a larger extent that resulted into negative values like -0.09 in the year 2013 and -0.07 in the year 2014. However, ultimately, the variance of the earnings per share has increased to 0.08. The variance of the current ratio of the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd is also much volatile. Thus, it increased from -0.22 in the year 2012 to 0.26 in 2013 and then it decreased consecutively for two years 2014 and 2015 to 0.20 and -0.25 respectively (Elshahat, Freedman and Elshahat 2015). Similarly, from the above calculated table, it can be said that the variable of other ratios like receivable turnover ratio also has high volatility. Though close analysis indicates that debt equity ratio increased to 0.15 in 2013 from -0.05 in 2012 and finally it decreased constantly for two consecutive years 2014 and 2015 to -0.07 an d -0.14 respectively. Finally, it can be said that variance of the asset turnover ratio constantly increased for all the years 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 from -0.12 to -0.07 to 0.04 and ultimately to 0.20 respectively (Elshahat, Freedman and Elshahat 2015). All these indicate that the variances of most of the ratios of the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd are highly volatile. Narrative interpretation In this section, analysis and evaluation of the of income statement, balance sheet and ratios will be done. Income Statement From the above five years, income statement it can be said that revenue of Fantastic Holdings Ltd. has shown a steady growth in the last five years. Thus, it has been able to capture a good market share (Elshahat, Freedman and Elshahat 2015). However, it has drastically increased by AUD 49 m in the year 2015 which is a very good sign from the view point of Fantastic Holdings Ltd. COGS has also increased drastically which has resulted in lowering the gross profit from AUD 225 m in the year 2011 to AUD 222 m in the year 2015 (Feng et al. 2014). Operating expenses of Fantastic Holdings Ltd. has been stable within the range of AUD 199 m to AUD 206 m during the year 2011 to 2015. However, it has shown an increasing trend as Earning after tax (EAT) and Earning before tax (EBT) have decreased during the five years span i.e. definitely a worrying factor for the management of Fantastic Holdings Ltd (Harper 2016). Balance Sheet From the analysis of five years Balance Sheet of Fantastic Holdings Ltd., it can be said that its current asset has increased from AUD 98 m in the year 2011 to AUD 134 in the year 2015 (fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). This is due to other current asset as its receivable has decreased from AUD 9 m in the year 2011 to AUD 5 m in the year 2015. Its non current asset has also decreased during the this five year from AUD 70 m to AUD 53 m, which indicates that it has not purchased much fixed asset during past five years. Its current liability has also shown an increasing trend in the past five years from AUD 50 m to AUD 69 m, which needs to control as its current asset has decreased during this five years otherwise liquidity may become a big issue for the management of Fantastic Holdings Ltd (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). Ratio Analysis In order to analyze the profitability aspects of Fantastic Holdings Ltd. net profit margin, ROA, ROE and EPS has been used. Net margin has fluctuated during the past five years. However, it has decreased from 4.57 % to 2.82 %, which must be a worrying factor the management of Fantastic Holdings Ltd. and they should try to improve it in near future otherwise it will be difficult for them to carry on business (Jawadi, Jawadi and Louhichi 2014). It can be seen that profit has decreased in 2014 then it has increased in the year 2015, which is a positive factor. ROI implies that whether a company is effectively using its shareholders fund in generating profit or not. It has also followed the same trend as net margin i.e. it had decreased 19.80 % in the year 2011 to 5.61 % in the year 2014, again it has increased during the year 2015 to 12.73 % which implies that it might be due to some economic down turn of the whole industry during that period (Jawadi, Jawadi and Louhichi 2014). ROA has also followed the same trend as ROI, which has decreased from 11.90 % in the year 2011 to 3.30 % in the year 2014. Then it has again increased to 7.49 % in the year 2015, which indicates that Fantastic Holdings Ltd. has been able to turn around from the economic down turn (fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). EPS has decreased during from 0.19 in the year 2011 to 0.06 in the year 2012, and then it had again increased to 0.14 in the year 2015 which is very good sign for Fantastic Holdings Ltd. since EPS indicates the profit earning capacity of each year (Jawadi, Jawadi and Louhichi 2014). In order to analyze the liquidity position of the company current ratio has been taken into account. Current ratio of the company is currently 1.94 for the year 2015 and has been within the range of 1.94 to 1.96 in the past five years, which indicates that as regards to solvency it is in a better position since it is greater than one (fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). The capital structure of Fantastic Holdings Ltd is analyzed with the help of debt equity ratio, which has increased in the year 2013 due to some major debt infusion (fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). However, it has been repaid in the year 2014 and 2015 so it has came down to 0 in the year 2015 which means that currently Fantastic Holdings Ltd have no debt funding. Its only source of finance is equity. The market value of Fantastic Holdings Ltd has been analyzed with the help of Price-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) that indicates the market value of the particular firm has decreased from 0.007 in the year 2011 to 0.006 in the year 2012 (fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). However, it has increased to 0.007 in the year 2013 and it has further increased to 0.01 in the year 2014. Nevertheless, it has again decreased to 0.007 in the year 2015. This indicates that the market value of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd is highly volatile as the earnings before interest and taxes of the firm is also volatile (fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). Efficiency of the company is measured through the help of Receivable turnover and Asset turnover. Receivable turnover implies the efficiency of the company in collecting its dues from the creditors. It has increased from 48.67 in the year 2011 to 99.40 in the year 2015, which means that Fantastic Holdings Ltd has a good customer base that can pay their due in very short time (Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). Whereas asset turnover ratio of the company has been within the range of 2.61 to 2.66 during the past five years, which implies that Fantastic Holdings Ltd have been able to effectively used its asset to generate profit at a constant rate. The debt ratio of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd has been calculated, which indicates that the debt ratio of the particular firm was 0.399 in the year 2011 but it increased constantly to 0.412 in the year 2015 (Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). This implies that the total liabilities of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd has increased with the passage of time and the total assets of the firm have decreased. Therefore, it can be said from the above analysis that the financial condition of the particular firm is weak. The interest coverage ratio of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd has been calculated for five years. This indicates that the EBIT of the firm has decreased with the passage of time and the interest expenses of the firm have also been decreased with time. It has been found that the interest expense of Fantastic Holdings Ltd has been reduced to zero in the years 2014 and 2015 (Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). Thus, the interest coverage ratio has become zero in both the years 2014 and 2015. As the financial ratios are limited to the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd, it can be used further in order to compare the values of these ratios to any other businesses in the same industry (Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016). In addition to this, for comparing the financial ratios, the value of the ratios of a firm can be compared with the industry standards. This helps to understand the position of a company in the overall industry. On the contrary, by comparing the ratio values of one firm with another helps an individual to understand the financial condition of the particular firm (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). It also helps to understand the competitive advantage that can be earned by the specified firm. The financial position of the firm can also be detected by comparing the ratio values of a particular organization with other organizations of similar industry and also by comparing the calculated values with the industrial standard. It has been found that the industry standard of the current ratio is 1.5 (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). The current ratios of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd for all the 5 years are more than the industrial standard. This indicates that the particular company is running well and it has a better financial position in the market. On the other hand, it has been found that the value of the debt equity ratio of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd for the years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are lesser than the industrial standard average value i.e. 1.5 (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). This indicates that the financial position of the firm is relatively stronger as the debt to equity ratio decreased with time. This also implies that the liabilities or debt of the firm have been reduced with the passage of time indicating a positive aspect for the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd. It has been noted that the industrial standard average of the receivable turnover is 31.04 days (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). However, it h as been found that the receivable turnover ratio for the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd for all the five years i.e. 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are more than the industrial standard average. This indicates the inefficiency of the firm Fantastic Holdings Ltd as with the increase in the duration of time or numbers of days, the particular ratio implies that the firm takes more time to turnover its receivables. This can be improved by decreasing the turnover and by increasing the account receivables. On the other hand, the industrial standard average of asset turnover ratio is 2.00 (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). It has been found that the values of asset turnover ratio of the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd for all the five years are in line with the standard average value or it can be said that it is slightly higher than the standard average. The price earnings ratio has an industrial standard average of 12 15 % i.e. 0.12 0.15 (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). For the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd it has been found that the values of price earnings ratios for all the five years are around 0.007 0.006. This implies that the firm has a healthy financial position in the present competitive market. It has been found that the industrial standard average of the debt ratio is 0.47 (Biz.yahoo.com, 2016). It has been found that all the ratio values of the organization Fantastic Holdings Ltd for 5 years i.e. 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are in line with the industrial standard. Thus, it can be said that the particular organization has a strong financial condition. Limitation of ratio analysis Data available for the income statement does not always reflect the clear position of the company (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). Value of asset and liabilities in the balance sheet is at either book value or carrying amount whereas market value of the asset may be different which tends to give misleading results. The ratios are based on the past data available from balance sheet and income statement so they are unable to show the future prospect of the company. Ratio analysis is based on various assumptions, which may vary from company to company (Jawadi, Jawadi and Louhichi 2014). Dividend Growth rate Model In this section, the intrinsic value of shares is calculated assuming a standard dividend growth rate of 4 % and required rate of return of 9 %. Based on which is will be decided whether the shares are trading rich or cheap (Biz.yahoo.com 2016). P0 = D1 / (Re-g) Where, P0 = Current market price or intrinsic value D1 = D0 + g Re = Required rate of return or cost of capital g = Growth rate of dividend Dividend per share (DPS) for the year 2015 is AUD 0.13. Therefore, D0 0.13 D1 0.1352 (Source: Fantasticholdings.com.au 2016) Intrinsic Value 2.704 (Source: Created by author) However, the current market price of the share is 2.27, which implies that the share of Fantastic Holdings Ltd is trading cheap and investor should purchase it (Lazzati and Menichini 2015). Conclusion and Recommendation From the above analysis, it can be said that the Fantastic Holdings Ltd has shown adown turn during the period 2011 to 2014 but it has been able to turn around in the year 2015, which is a very good sign for the management as well as the shareholders of the company. It has been found that from the analysis of the of dividend discount model that the market price of the share is lower than its intrinsic value that means it is currently trading cheap. Therefore, it is advised that investors should purchase the shares of Fantastic Holdings Ltd. References Biz.yahoo.com. 2016.Industry Index By Sector: Industry Center - Yahoo Finance. [online] Available at: https://biz.yahoo.com/ic/ind_index.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2016]. Collier, P., 2016. Accounting For Managers Interpreting Accounting Information For Decision Making 0470845023. Connolly, C., Hyndman, N. and McConville, D., 2013. Conversion ratios, efficiency and obfuscation: a study of the impact of changed UK charity accounting requirements on external stakeholders.Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,24(3), pp.785-804. Elshahat, I., Freedman, M. and Elshahat, A., 2015. Are index measures better than individual measures in assessing the association between environmental and financial performance? A multivariate analysis study.International Journal of Critical Accounting,7(2), pp.191-212. Fantasticholdings.com.au. 2016.Fantastic Holdings Limited - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.fantasticholdings.com.au [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Fantasticholdings.com.au. 2016.fantasticholdings.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.fantasticholdings.com.au/media/122945/fan%20annual%20report%202015.pdf [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Fantasticholdings.com.au. 2016.fantasticholdings.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.fantasticholdings.com.au/media/122561/annual%20report_fy2014_lr.pdf [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Fantasticholdings.com.au. 2016.fantasticholdings.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.fantasticholdings.com.au/media/118003/annual%20report%20fy13%20final_lr.pdf [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Fantasticholdings.com.au. 2016.fantasticholdings.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.fantasticholdings.com.au/media/88718/updated%20annual%20report.pdf [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S.E. and Skaife, H., 2014. Does ineffective internal control over financial reporting affect a firm's operations? Evidence from firms' inventory management.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.529-557. Harper, D., 2016. Accounting Financial Statements Analysis. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Jawadi, F., Jawadi, N. and Louhichi, W., 2014. Conventional and Islamic stock price performance: An empirical investigation.International Economics,137, pp.73-87. Lazzati, N. and Menichini, A.A., 2015. A dynamic approach to the dividend discount model.Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies,18(03), p.1550018.

Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example

Alfred Hitchcock Essay Alfred Hitchcock (13 August 1899 29 April 1980) is perhaps one of the most renowned and innovative film directors in the history of cinema, with an incredible film-making career spanning over half a century and dozens of award- winning films. He specialized in the psychological thriller genre, creating famous hit films such as Psycho (1960), North by North-west (1958) and Vertigo (1959) and revolutionized many cinematic techniques such as camera angles, lighting and sound which he used extensively in his films to successfully create a variety of moods and atmospheres in scenes and to manipulate the audiences feelings and emotions from fear, shock and suspense.Psycho was based on the novel written by Robert Bloch, and is probably one of the most recognisable and famous films made by Hitchcock. Released in 1960, it initially received mixed reviews from film critics, but soon it became a massive hit at the box office and thousands of people around queued up at movie theatres to watch t he film. Later, many critics considered it Hitchcocks best film and praised Psycho as a masterpiece of cinematic art. Despite all these good reviews, the film caused a lot of controversy because it contained quite explicit gore and sex references, things that have rarely shown so strongly on American films as in Psycho .For example, there is a scene where a shadowy figure brutally stabs a woman while she is showering, and an embalmed corpse is shown during the end. Although these scenes are nothing compared to the brutal and overwhelmingly gruesome horror films of today, Hitchcock still struggled to get his whole film released due to censors efforts to delete several explicit shots in the movie. Psycho was known as the mother of all horror films and Hitchcock basically formed the whole archetypical basis for most horror and thriller films that were released after it.Shot in stark black and white, the film Psycho portrays young secretary Marion Crane as she successfully steals $ 40,0 00 from her employer and leaving her town of Phoenix in Arizona, intending to get married. However, as Marion escapes, she drives through a heavy rainstorm at night and accidentally drives off the highway, driving along an unlit road and turning up at the eerie, seemingly deserted Bates Motel, in the middle of nowhere. However the motel owner Norman Bate hurries out and helps her inside with her bags while the rain pours around them.After Marion has settled into her cabin, Norman Bates innocently invites her to have dinner with him in the massive, eerie house that overlooks the motel, however after he has a loud and furious argument with his invalid mother up in the second floor of the house, he brings the dinner down to the motel and suggests to Marion they have it in the parlour. The parlour scene is the scene prior to the famous, celebrated shower scene, and Hitchcock is very successful in this scene in using his technical mastery of camera angles, lighting and clever imagery to foretell the future events of the film. The scene begins when Norman walks into the darkened parlour and switches the light on, illuminating the room .The parlour, where the scene takes place, is a very interesting room which reveals a lot about Normans personality. It is decorated with stuffed birds of prey, like owls and large ravens, hanging from the walls and ceilings .The camera pans to each one, finally showing Marions uncomfortable expression with eating in a room full of stuffed birds. The two characters sit on the opposite ends of the room, both facing each other; however the camera never shows both of them in the same shot for most of the duration of the scene. In the scene Hitchcock makes clever use of camera angles and the position of the actors in the camera shots to subtly show to the audience the emotions of the two characters and who has power in the conversation .He also uses lighting to show the personalities of the two next to where Marion is seated there is a br ight light so there is almost no shadows on her , however, Norman is sitting in the dark side of the room, and most of the time half of his face is shrouded in shadow, something that cleverly shows his dual or split personality that is revealed and explained later in the movie.Marion starts eating her dinner, while Norman never touches his. Instead he watches her intently, sitting upright as she nibbles her sandwich, looking frightened as well as very interested. He remarks to her You eat like a bird which she replies to Youd know, of course as she looks around the room at the large stuffed birds, staring at her form the ceiling. They have a noticeably uncomfortable conversation about his strange hobby (taxidermy) which fills the time, not pass it and the audience notices his lack of friends. For most of the start of the conversation, the camera switches smoothly between Marion and Norman as they talk, and the camera angles are ordinary, shot at neither a low or high angle shot. Ho wever, as they start to talk about Normans mother and his furious argument with her, Norman is strangely shot in a very low angle- shot, that is cleverly framed to include the huge stuffed owl that hangs from the ceiling above his head, causing the audience to think of Norman as some kind of predator.His face is also half-shrouded with shadow. This change subtly shows that Norman has gained the power in the conversation. Despite this, his voice is still quiet. Suddenly, as Marion delicately suggests that Normans mother should be put someplace else in other words, an institution, the mood and the atmosphere of the room goes cold and foreboding, and the camera switches to Norman using a close-up shot of his face as he slowly leans in towards Marion, showing his angry face. Deep violins and cellos play slowly and ominously in the background, showing the seriousness of the conversation but not too loud as not to obscure Normans words. The camera quickly switches to Marion a few times, f raming her perfectly with a high-angle shot to show her powerlessness. The music rises with Normans simmering anger, and he furiously scorns Marions suggestions, but then leans backs against his chair and the music quietens with his anger, suddenly he is back to his friendly, affable personality. Now that the audience know the Norman is trapped in a situation where he has to care for his ill mother or let her die, they sympathize with him more.Afterwards, Marion decides to leave and thanks Norman for the dinner. While doing so, she stands up and talks a bit more, and the camera frames her with a low-angle shot- while showing Norman, who is still seated, in a very high-angle shot; this shows that Marion has regained power and to make the audience to think of Norman as less of a threat to Marion than before. However, before she leaves the room, Norman quickly asks Marion her name, and she accidentally replies with her real name (Marion Crane), not the name she signed in the motel ledg er (Marie Samuelson). The audience wouldve realized by now that there could be a connection between Marions bird-related surname with the birds of prey that Norman Bates stuffs, which he calls his hobby, and if this is perhaps a glimpse of the fate of Marion Crane, however they cannot be too sure at this moment, as why would Hitchcock kill the main protagonist so early in the film?After Marion leaves the room, Norman stands up and starts chewing some gum. His mood and personality has changed dramatically; he is suddenly more relaxed and casual, contrasting with his nervous and edgy temperament that he had when Marion was in the parlour. Walking towards the counter and picking up the ledger, the audience notice how confident he has become, and wonder what the reason is. He opens the ledger and the camera shows a close-up of what hes reading- the fake name that Marion wrote on her arrival to the motel- and then switches back to his face, while he shows a slight smirk at the false name and location. Then, he slowly walks back into the dark shadowy parlour, his face and body covered in darkness, and stops before a wall, momentarily surrounded by large, sinister birds of prey. The audience can see that he is trying to listen to whats happening next door, and then removes a painting on the wall that separates the parlour from Cabin Room 1 where Marion is staying to reveal a small jagged peephole cut into the wall, a beam of bright light coming from it.Peering into the small hole, it is revealed to Norman that Marion is undressing to take her shower. Hitchcock uses a point-of-view shot with the camera to show to the audience exactly what he is seeing, and they feel uncomfortable to be put in a position where they can spy on Marion. Next, the camera switches to an extreme close-up of Normans face, filling the screen with just his unblinking eye, which is illuminated slightly due to the hole. The music that is played during the scene (sinister, high-pitched, violins an d cellos) is very effective as it adds to the mounting creepiness of Norman Bates. Norman puts the painting back , and gazes at nothing, as though he is thinking intently about Marion, a stony, evil expression on his shadowy face .The audience are very fearful at this point, as they think that Norman could now try to assault Marion or alert the police over her fake name, and as he walks resolutely out of the parlour while the music gets slightly faster and louder, but the audience relax, as Norman instead walks up the hill to the large, sinister house where his mother is, and walks inside, shutting the door after him. The camera uses a long shot when he does this, to suggest that Norman is no longer a threat as he is so far away, lulling the audience into a false sense of security. The audience are now itching to find out what happens, whether Marion would escape with her boyfriend or give up the money, and as they know that they watching a Alfred Hitchcock movie, they know that the re are probably many shocking twists that make his movies so exciting, but perhaps not as shocking as what happens next in the filmThe camera switches to the interior of Cabin Room 1 and shows Marion, who is now clothed in a bathroom robe, scribbling on a piece of paper before ripping it out and tearing it to pieces. She walks to the bathroom and flushes the pieces of paper down the toilet (shockingly, another ground-breaking moment- a toilet flushing had never been seen or heard on American films, which was to jolt audiences, but not nearly as much as her brutal murder) and takes off her robe, steps in the bathtub, closes the shower curtain and turns the shower on.This is the beginning of the famed shower scene, where Marion, what the audience think is the movies main heroine and protagonist gets violently and brutally killed off while shes having a shower in the motel bathroom, in an unexpected twist that shocked the audience. The scene is only 4 minutes long, with over 70 differe nt shots and many camera angles and it took 6 days to fully film it. Hitchcock paid enormous amounts of attention to details, and used cinematic techniques extensively such as camera angles, music and sound effects to create a truly horrific murder scene.As Marion is showering, one of the most noticeable features of the scene is the extreme crispness and loudness of the sounds that she makes, accentuating the lack of other noise around her. Furthermore, as she is showering, it looks like she is really enjoying herself, as though the shower , probably because she has decided to go back to Phoenix and the water is having a cleansing effect on her, cleaning all of her guilt. Next, the camera shows Marion from behind to show the shower curtain. The bathroom door is opened, and the audience can just about see a sinister, shadowy silhouette through the translucent shower curtain as he/she steps forwards towards the shower, although Marion is oblivious to her surroundings. By now, the audi ence would be screaming at the screen, telling Marion to look behind her, but the silhouette pulls across the curtain (the sound of this is amplified greatly to emphasize its abruptness) to reveal itself -an unidentifiable, shadowy figure brandishing a large and menacing knife, one of the most iconic images of the horror genre, and stabs Marion repeatedly as she struggles.The sequence of shots that follows are shot from many different angles and altogether there were more than 70 shots, and the shower scene is sometimes hailed and the well-edited scene in history. As the figure stabs Marion, the camera quickly switches from Marions horrified, screaming face to the shadowy figure and back again, shooting the two from many different angles. This emphasizes the extreme franticness and rapidness of the murder. Furthermore, it gives the impression that Marion is completely surrounded and cant escape. Also, the camera shows the murderers arm move in a stabbing motion many times, so that e ven though the audience never really see the knife stabbing her skin, they use their imagination to fill up the blanks. About forty-seconds of brutal violence later, the mysterious figure swiftly leaves the bathroom and the camera cleverly only shows the back of it to conceal his/her identity.Meanwhile, Marion is left in the bath, bleeding to death, and the camera shows her hand slowly sliding off the tiled wall, signifying her diminishing life. Also, as her body falls to the floor of the bathtub, there is a shot of Marions face, which is cunningly framed so she is not in the centre of the shot, but more to the right of it. This camera shot shows how Marion is not the main protagonist and heroine of the movie anymore. She falls forward with her hand on the shower curtain , breaking it and laying on the floor dead while the camera pans to the bathtub the where the water is washing away Marion s blood down the plughole.Music and sound effects are perhaps the most effective techniques used here. When the silhouette appears, one of the most iconic movie soundtracks in film history plays; a tumultuous and ear-piercing cacophony of short, high screeching notes played by violins cellos and other string instruments that greatly emphasize the franticness of the scene. It was music that made the audiences skin crawl and their hairs to stand on end. Alfred Hitchcock actually didnt want any music in the shower scene, but after he heard the score composed by Bernard Hermann, it influenced the scene a lot, greatly adding to the horror and tension. It gradually became higher and louder as the murder goes on, accentuating the heightening horror of the scene, but then goes very melancholy and slow as Marion is left to die in the bathroom, signifying the last few moments of her life. It stops altogether after she falls over and breaks the shower curtain, and the only sound left in the scene is the splash of water from the shower falling on the bathtub. Sound effects also added to the horror. For example, the sickening sound of the knife slashing through Marions skin is very audible; giving the audience impressions that the cuts are very deep (the sound was actually made by stabbing melons with a knife)By exposing the audience to forty-five seconds of nonstop violence without actually showing any gore or blood, Hitchcock leaves it up to our imagination. Imagination has no limits which is why the scene is timeless and just as shocking half a century later. The shock is not only the sudden bombardment of cuts but the fact that he killed off his leading lady. We looked through her eyes, listened to her thoughts and witnessed her actions only to see her naked body slashed to an ugly death. With more than an hour to go, anything is possible. Even though the film had a low budget, and the props used in the shower scene were quite crude and unsophisticated (although it was 1960, and special effects werent really used in films back then) Hitchcock uses his technic al mastery of cinematic techniques to make the shower scene and the whole movie one of the most famous in film history.